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Web and Internet Transport HTTPBIS In HTTP/1.1, the client can request a change to a new protocol on the existing connection. This document discusses the security considerations that apply to data sent by the client before this request is confirmed, and updates RFC 9298 to avoid related security issues. About This Document Status information for this document may be found at . Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at .

Conventions and Definitions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

Background In HTTP/1.1 and later, a single connection can be used for many requests. In HTTP/2 and HTTP/3, these requests can be multiplexed, as each request is distinguished explicitly by its stream ID. However, in HTTP/1.1, requests are strictly sequential, and each new request is distinguished implicitly by the closure of the preceding request. HTTP/1.1 is also the only version of HTTP that allows the client to change the protocol used for the remainder of the connection. There are two mechanisms to request such a protocol transition. One mechanism is the "Upgrade" request header field (), which indicates that the client would like to use this connection for a protocol other than HTTP/1.1. The server replies with a "101 (Switching Protocols)" status code if it accepts the protocol change. The other mechanism is the HTTP "CONNECT" method. This method indicates that the client wishes to establish a TCP connection to the specified host and port. The server replies with a 2xx (Successful) response to indicate that the request was accepted and a TCP connection was established. After this point, the TCP connection is acting as a TCP tunnel, not an HTTP/1.1 connection. Both of these mechanisms also permit the server to reject the request. For example, says:

• A server MAY ignore a received Upgrade header field if it wishes to continue using the current protocol on that connection.

and

• A server MUST reject a CONNECT request that targets an empty or invalid port number, typically by responding with a 400 (Bad Request) status code.

Rejections are common, and can happen for a variety of reasons. An "upgrade" request might be rejected if:

• The server does not support any of the client's indicated Upgrade Tokens (i.e., the client's proposed new protocols), so it continues to use HTTP/1.1.
• The server knows that an upgrade to the offered protocol will not provide any improvement over HTTP/1.1 for this request to this resource, so it chooses to respond in HTTP/1.1.
• The server requires the client to authenticate before upgrading the protocol, so it replies with the status code "401 (Authentication Required)" and provides a challenge in an "Authorization" response header ().
• The resource has moved, so the server replies with a 3XX redirect status code ().

Similarly, a CONNECT request might be rejected if:

• The server does not support HTTP CONNECT.
• The specified destination is not allowed under server policy.
• The destination cannot be resolved, is unreachable, or does not accept the connection.
• The proxy requires the client to authenticate before proceeding.

After rejecting a request, the server will continue to interpret subsequent bytes on that connection in accordance with HTTP/1.1. also states:

• A client cannot begin using an upgraded protocol on the connection until it has completely sent the request message (i.e., the client can't change the protocol it is sending in the middle of a message).

However, because of the possibility of rejection, the converse is not true: a client cannot necessarily begin using a new protocol merely because it has finished sending the corresponding request message. In some cases, the client might expect that the protocol transition will succeed. If this expectation is correct, the client might be able to reduce delay by immediately sending the first bytes of the new protocol "optimistically", without waiting for the server's response. This document explores the security implications of this "optimistic" behavior.

Possible Security Issues When there are only two distinct parties involved in an HTTP/1.1 connection (i.e., the client and the server), protocol transitions introduce no new security issues: each party must already be prepared for the other to send arbitrary data on the connection at any time. However, HTTP connections often involve more than two parties, if the requests or responses include third-party data. For example, a browser (party 1) might send an HTTP request to an origin (party 2) with path, headers, or body controlled by a website from a different origin (party 3). Post-transition protocols such as WebSocket similarly are often used to convey data chosen by a third party. If the third-party data source is untrusted, we call the data it provides "attacker-controlled". The combination of attacker-controlled data and optimistic protocol transitions results in two significant security issues.

Request Smuggling In a Request Smuggling attack () the attacker-controlled data is chosen in such a way that it is interpreted by the server as an additional HTTP request. These attacks allow the attacker to speak on behalf of the client while bypassing the client's own rules about what requests it will issue. Request Smuggling can occur if the client and server have distinct interpretations of the data that flows between them. If the server accepts a protocol transition request, it interprets the subsequent bytes in accordance with the new protocol. If it rejects the request, it interprets those bytes as HTTP/1.1. However, the client doesn't know which interpretation the server will take until it receives the server's response status code. If it uses the new protocol optimistically, this creates a risk that the server will interpret attacker-controlled data in the new protocol as an additional HTTP request issued by the client. As a trivial example, consider an HTTP CONNECT client providing connectivity to an untrusted application. If the client is authenticated to the proxy server using a connection-level authentication method such as TLS Client Certificates, the attacker could send an HTTP/1.1 POST request for the proxy server at the beginning of its TCP connection. If the client delivers this data optimistically, and the CONNECT request fails, the server would misinterpret the application's data as a subsequent authenticated request issued by the client.

Parser Exploits A related category of attacks use protocol disagreement to exploit vulnerabilities in the server's request parsing logic. These attacks apply when the HTTP client is trusted by the server, but the post-transition data source is not. If the server software was developed under the assumption that some or all of the HTTP request data is not attacker-controlled, optimistic transmission can cause this assumption to be violated, exposing vulnerabilities in the server's HTTP request parser.

Operational Issues If the server rejects the transition request, the connection can continue to be used for HTTP/1.1. There is no requirement to close the connection in response to a rejected transition, and keeping the connection open has performance advantages if additional HTTP requests to this server are likely. Thus, it is normally inappropriate to close the connection in response to a rejected transition.

Impact on HTTP Upgrade with Existing Upgrade Tokens This section describes the impact of this document's considerations on some registered Upgrade Tokens that are believed to be in use at the time of writing.

"TLS" The "TLS" family of Upgrade Tokens was defined in , which correctly highlights the possibility of the server rejecting the upgrade. If a client ignores this possibility and sends TLS data optimistically, the result cannot be valid HTTP/1.1: the first octet of a TLS connection must be 22 (ContentType.handshake), but this is not an allowed character in an HTTP/1.1 method. A compliant HTTP/1.1 server will treat this as a parsing error and close the connection without processing further requests.

"WebSocket"/"websocket" says:

• Once the client's opening handshake has been sent, the client MUST wait for a response from the server before sending any further data.

Thus, optimistic use of HTTP Upgrade is already forbidden in the WebSocket protocol. Additionally, the WebSocket protocol requires high-entropy masking of client-to-server frames ().

"connect-udp" says:

• A client MAY optimistically start sending UDP packets in HTTP Datagrams before receiving the response to its UDP proxying request.

However, in HTTP/1.1, this "proxying request" is an HTTP Upgrade request. This upgrade is likely to be rejected in certain circumstances, such as when the UDP destination address (which is attacker-controlled) is invalid. Additionally, the contents of the "connect-udp" protocol stream can include untrusted material (i.e., the UDP packets, which might come from other applications on the client device). This creates the possibility of Request Smuggling attacks. To avoid these concerns, this document replaces that text to exclude HTTP/1.1 from any optimistic sending, as follows:

• A client MAY optimistically start sending UDP packets in HTTP Datagrams before receiving the response to its UDP proxying request, but only if the HTTP version in use is HTTP/2 or later. Clients MUST NOT send UDP packets optimistically in HTTP/1.x due to the risk of request smuggling attacks.

"connect-ip" The "connect-ip" Upgrade Token is defined in . forbids clients from sending packets optimistically in HTTP/1.1, avoiding this issue.

Guidance for Future Upgrade Tokens There are now several good examples of designs that reduce or eliminate the security concerns discussed in this document and may be applicable in future specifications:

• Forbid optimistic use of HTTP Upgrade (WebSocket, ).
• Embed a fixed preamble that terminates HTTP/1.1 processing (HTTP/2, ).
• Apply high-entropy masking of client-to-server data (WebSocket, ).

Future specifications for Upgrade Tokens should account for the security issues discussed here and provide clear guidance on how implementations can avoid them.

Selection of Request Methods Some Upgrade Tokens, such as "TLS", are defined for use with any ordinary HTTP Method. The upgraded protocol continues to provide HTTP semantics, and will convey the response to this HTTP request. The other Upgrade Tokens mentioned in do not preserve HTTP semantics, so the method is not relevant. All of these Upgrade Tokens are specified only for requests with the "GET" method and an empty body. Future specifications for Upgrade Tokens should restrict their use to "GET" requests with an empty body if the HTTP method is otherwise irrelevant and a request body is not required. This improves consistency with other Upgrade Tokens and simplifies server implementation.

Guidance for HTTP CONNECT In HTTP/1.1, proxy clients that send CONNECT requests on behalf of untrusted TCP clients MUST do one or both of the following:

1. Wait for a 2xx (Successful) response before forwarding any TCP payload data.
2. Send a "Connection: close" request header.

Proxy clients that don't implement at least one of these two behaviors are vulnerable to a trivial request smuggling attack (). At the time of writing, some proxy clients are believed to be vulnerable as described. When communicating with potentially vulnerable clients, proxy servers MUST close the underlying connection when rejecting an HTTP/1.1 CONNECT request, without processing any further data on that connection, whether or not the request headers include "Connection: close". Note that this mitigation will frequently impair the performance of correctly implemented clients, especially when returning a "407 (Proxy Authentication Required)" response. This performance loss can be avoided by using HTTP/2 or HTTP/3, which are not vulnerable to this attack.

IANA Considerations This document has no IANA actions.

References Normative References In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. RFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext information systems. This document describes the overall architecture of HTTP, establishes common terminology, and defines aspects of the protocol that are shared by all versions. In this definition are core protocol elements, extensibility mechanisms, and the "http" and "https" Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes. This document updates RFC 3864 and obsoletes RFCs 2818, 7231, 7232, 7233, 7235, 7538, 7615, 7694, and portions of 7230. This document describes how to proxy UDP in HTTP, similar to how the HTTP CONNECT method allows proxying TCP in HTTP. More specifically, this document defines a protocol that allows an HTTP client to create a tunnel for UDP communications through an HTTP server that acts as a proxy. This document describes how to proxy IP packets in HTTP. This protocol is similar to UDP proxying in HTTP but allows transmitting arbitrary IP packets. More specifically, this document defines a protocol that allows an HTTP client to create an IP tunnel through an HTTP server that acts as an IP proxy. This document updates RFC 9298. Informative References The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext information systems. This document specifies the HTTP/1.1 message syntax, message parsing, connection management, and related security concerns. This document obsoletes portions of RFC 7230. This memo explains how to use the Upgrade mechanism in HTTP/1.1 to initiate Transport Layer Security (TLS) over an existing TCP connection. [STANDARDS-TRACK] The WebSocket Protocol enables two-way communication between a client running untrusted code in a controlled environment to a remote host that has opted-in to communications from that code. The security model used for this is the origin-based security model commonly used by web browsers. The protocol consists of an opening handshake followed by basic message framing, layered over TCP. The goal of this technology is to provide a mechanism for browser-based applications that need two-way communication with servers that does not rely on opening multiple HTTP connections (e.g., using XMLHttpRequest or s and long polling). [STANDARDS-TRACK] This specification describes an optimized expression of the semantics of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), referred to as HTTP version 2 (HTTP/2). HTTP/2 enables a more efficient use of network resources and a reduced latency by introducing field compression and allowing multiple concurrent exchanges on the same connection. This document obsoletes RFCs 7540 and 8740.

Acknowledgments This document benefited from valuable reviews and suggestions by:

• Mike Bishop
• Mark Nottingham
• Kazuho Oku
• Lucas Pardue
• David Schinazi
• Glenn Strauss
• Michael Sweet
• Willy Tarreau
• Martin Thomson